In the normal course of computer use, data is exchanged with remote servers. Usually bundled with free programs or surreptitiously downloaded onto a computer, programs known as “spyware” gather and report information about a computer user without the user's consent or knowledge. Similar applications called “adware” deliver pop-up advertisements; programs called “malware” alter personal computer settings and can significantly harm a computer.
Conversely, cookies, which are small, innocuous text strings downloaded from Web sites into temporary folders, track users anonymously and may save provided information, login information, for a user's benefit.